4.1 What about people without passports, driving licences, bank accounts or stable homes?

This is one of the strongest arguments for the current generation of technology. If age checks meant ID documents only, millions of adults would be excluded. They do not. Facial age estimation requires no documents, no bank account and no credit history, and inference methods work from things people already have, such as a long–standing phone number or email address. A choice of methods is an inclusion measure, and regulators increasingly require it. Where an individual still cannot pass any automated route, platforms should offer a solution such as professional attestation where a doctor, teacher etc. gives a reference confirming the user’s age.